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(en) France, Coordination of Anarchist Groups CGA - Federal motions: Anarchist responses to the ecological crisis (fr, pt)[machine translation]

Date Sun, 09 Feb 2014 21:47:00 +0200


The crisis of capitalist development and its social consequences have overshadowed the environmental crisis, yet more than ever. From our perspective, this crisis can be divided into three main areas: global warming, ecosystem degradation and depletion of natural resources. ---- Global warming ---- Since the 70s, climate change due to the system of capitalist production have been recognized, especially in the radical environmental movement. Obviously, these positions have been ridiculed by those in power. It is only in 80-90 years, when the issue of global warming become more and more essential, they incorporate in their speech under the pressure of a part of the scientific community. However, global warming was still considered a possible consequence of human activities, and not as a fact.

Since the IPCC report 1 in 2007, the impact of human activities rejecting greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere is an undisputed fact, except by supporters of a climate-skeptic discourse or fake experts at the oil multinationals, as we have seen at the scandal-called "climategate".

The overall increase in global temperature has indeed several consequences: an increase in sea level due to the melting of land ice and the expansion of seawater (in fact, unlike the melting ice the melting of freshwater ice contributes to the rise of the sea), but also changes in ocean currents and the water cycle. This increase in sea level threatens the inhabitants es lowland areas including Delta. The most emblematic example is Bangladesh, which in the worst-case scenario could see more than half of its 150 million inhabitants-are migrating. Not to mention that this is added the increased volume of annual rainfall that could result in an increase in the intensity and frequency of storms and cyclones.

The consequences of global warming therefore announce major migrations that are sure to cause a social and agricultural disaster (with the total disappearance of some cultivated areas) if no collective provision is made.
In general, this ecological trend will probably multiply exceptional weather events (storms, drought, heat waves ...), make agricultural production more unstable and aggravate situations of food shortages in areas that are direct or indirect victims of natural disasters.

Ecosystem degradation

The increasing industrialization of our societies is accompanied by increasing pollution of natural ecosystems.

The increase in industrial areas and urban areas due to industrialization destroys ecosystems and potential agricultural areas, and disrupts the runoff. Plants, particularly those related to refining use solvents, some of which are found in nature and in the streams. In many countries where the infrastructure of water purification are very insufficient, it becomes a public health problem. In all cases, fish stocks are affected, decreasing volumes fishing. A quasi-sterilization of aquatic environments is sometimes observed as in the Danube.

The most vulnerable and most affected by this pollution plants and animals are generally not operated by key industrial sectors in the capitalist system of production. They are living organisms in natural ecosystems are destroyed or are barely surviving the ravages of intensive crops or livestock practices. However, if these organisms have not, a priori, a significant direct economic weight, they have an indirect role may be absolutely necessary. For example, if the bee has a very low direct economic weight, pollination by bees is of paramount importance for the sustainability of plant species and therefore fruit production. It is the same for all ecosystems and soil micro-organisms challenged by many agricultural practices that despise the living and the importance of biodiversity.

In addition to these examples, the list of adverse events to the environment and companies is long: massive erosions reliefs, destruction of large tracts of primary forest, environmental contamination with GMOs crossings, etc.. This ecosystem degradation has a direct impact on the health of human beings. The massive use of pesticides, for example, is a factor of increase of cancer cases. It is the same for the use of polluting materials in food activities, structures, etc..

The depletion of natural resources

Beyond the pollution caused by intensive modes and industrial production, increasing industrialization inevitably leads to the exhaustion of "raw" resources and raw materials it needs in excessive quantities. For several centuries, the pressure on the stock of fuel resources was infinitesimal in terms of expressed human needs. Today, the ratio is completely reversed, and it is clear that these resources will decline and, for some, may dry up. But a very large part of the current production system, dictated by the capitalist logic of growth and profit, can not function without these energy resources. Projected to non-renewable resources being exploited all eventually reach a "peak" after which the extraction will be more difficult, costly and unprofitable term. In addition, vital natural resources, such as the surface of soil fertility and the quality of water and air, are also affected by industrialization. Their depletion or degradation constitute direct threats to health and life of humans. Here is an overview of what is known and planned for decades about the depletion of natural resources and the "peaks" considered.

Degradation and depletion of land used for food production are caused by two main factors. The first is the loss of soil, which are saturated fertilizers and pesticides from the petrochemical industry. The most visible phenomenon is soil sealing, causing landslides and severe flooding. The second is land grabbing by the owners who have large capital. They will buy foreign jurisdictions, particularly in Africa, to make places of intensive farming practices of excluding local populations, which are then used on these plots and deprived of any choice of production. As for arable land and close capita-es, governments and employers have often destroyed to allocate to other functions more "profitable" than agriculture.

Access to safe water, especially drinking water, will prove increasingly difficult. In addition to the increase in water consumption due to industrial and agricultural production, many pollution problems are increasing with increased presence of fertilizers, pesticides, drugs, heavy metals and all types of industrial discharges into waters.

The "rare earth" means a set of metallic materials become highly strategic resources since their magnetic properties. They are used in the fields of electronics, information technology and energy, being present for example in computers, mobile phones, flat screens, but also in wind turbines and batteries. The extraction of "rare earth" is extremely polluting and harmful. There are, teeth problems and skin cancers as well as increased contact with water made toxic. The extraction results in releases of acids and radioactive thorium, flowing Unprotected waters and the surrounding land. In contact with these products, some organisms become infertile land and agriculture is impossible.
Regarding other metals, such as copper, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, etc.. Facing the increasing demand and the depletion of the deposits, their operating could peak 20 or 30 years. The metal content of the new ore is operated lower, which increases the energy required to extract the metals. Moreover, even if recycling allows reuse of metals, it is far from total. In addition, working conditions in the mines are dramatic and irreversible consequences and often fatal health.

Peak oil has already been reached, and we are in the plateau phase that precedes the decline. The most accessible oil has already been extracted, and in 2030, "production" world should be halved. The oil industry is now turning to the exploitation of oil sands and shale, causing significant environmental damage.

Uranium reserves, necessary for the operation of nuclear power plants decline rapidly. The largest reserves are now under the sea Its extraction rate is already lower than its rate of consumption, with much of the uranium that comes disarmament and stocks. At the current rate, the uranium peak is expected around 2035. Nuclear disasters at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima have not convinced the leader-es that profit to stop its use.

A gas peak is provided by the French Petroleum Institute between 2020 and 2030. According to this source, this peak may be heavier than peak oil, including significant shortages consequences, since the gas can be substituted for oil in many cases, while there is currently no substituent Gas scale. As the peak of coal, it could be reached by 2025.

False solutions to environmental problems

Environmental problems briefly described above are largely consensus in political circles and among the intellectual and political elites, who nevertheless minimize environmental issues. We therefore propose an anarchist critique of the following political positions who want to be a response to environmental issues.

Green capitalism

We call green capitalism, policy positions that advance it is possible to solve the environmental crisis of capitalism without going through a series of supposed organize an energy transition reforms. For example, Europe Ecology Green defends the idea of a state-sponsored capitalist economy to complete this transition. As part of this policy, has emerged internationally carbon credits, that is to say, rights to emit CO2 that can monetize interstate. More broadly, a fraction of the economic and intellectual elite think giving a market value of goods "natural" according to their rarity allow capitalism to regulate and stop the environmental crisis. For us, this position can not in any way solve the environmental crisis or even reduce the damage in progress.
First, a few practical experiments of this policy proved ineffective. Carbon credits have not decreased the total volume of CO2 emissions because powerful states could redeem credits for exceeding the threshold. Then the capitalists desperately fun of national and transnational law. Just think of the many mines in Africa where solvents are used without any protection or circuit reprocessing, particularly in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo in permanent civil war. In France, the capitalists refuse to pay the remediation of old mines or damage of oil spills. We believe that the capitalists will be laws with green real es-es little environmentalists is either incredibly bad faith, or a naïve beyond belief.

Recall that the capitalist system is totally dependent system of perpetual economic growth and in case of decrease in production, the level of profit to capital invested decreases. This analysis is confirmed by historical facts. Indeed, the need for increased production and profits of capitalism has been a key driver of the colonial process, and remains the key driver of neo-colonial process today. We see with the conquest of new territories to exploit (Brazilian colonial front on Amazon), new resources to extract (tar sands, shale gas ...).
The need to increase the intrinsic profitability of this system makes it impossible to reconcile the Capital and environmental issues. For us, the solution to these problems can only be found in a complete break with capitalism, that is to say in a revolutionary way.

The particular case of nuclear energy

All false alternatives to the ecological crisis, often presented today as the best solution to reduce CO2 emissions, nuclear power is probably the most misleading.
Our refusal and our claim for immediate release of nuclear energy is based on the observation of the specificity of nuclear risk in relation to all other industrial hazards known to date:
On the health front, the radioactivity is the only phenomenon that can damage the genetic material of any living being (ie flora and fauna combined) a cumulative and irreversible generation, and likely to affect the entire the population of a species.
In terms of safety, nuclear installations (reactors, storage or waste disposal) are industrial structures that have the potential of highest risk are inevitably the most vulnerable. There is a fundamental contradiction between the scales of multi-millennial time some radioactive elements and requirements for basic safety. Beyond all the dangers that threaten any infrastructure (climate, geology, accident, human error, etc..), The main risk factor that threatens a nuclear installation is geopolitical uncertainty.
Ethically, nuclear is the only industry capable of leaving a legacy for several centuries or millennia to future human generations of storage sites and landfill to manage reactors that no longer produce electricity dismantle regions or even whole countries irradiated. Just like today if we had control and improve storage sites that we have left ancient civilizations to provide electricity for a few decades.

In economic terms, nuclear power is the most expensive of all energy. The final cost of an accident, the costs of waste management and other dismantling of reactors, are simply incalculable because of the life of radioactive elements.

On the political level, nuclear power involves, by its dangerousness, a concentration of power and therefore a hierarchical society. Finally, nuclear power and nuclear weapons are a hellish tandem since their appearance. So far, over a State has developed its civilian nuclear program, the more easily have access to nuclear weapons. The nuclear weapons is still sitting on the civil nuclear industry.

Institutional response to the environmental crisis

A large segment of the associative fabric 2 environmentalist vocation to expect the state to legislate in the sense of preservation of threatened ecosystems and the reform of individual behavior. For us, this option is doomed to failure because the state can not go against the interests of capitalism and it is structurally against environmental objectives.

In recent years, partly under pressure from environmental groups, the state has increased the number of environmental structures such as National Parks, PNR (Regional Natural Park), habitats Directives (Natura 2000) ... These state devices aim to preserve particularly sensitive areas by regulating human activities within them to. After 30 years of this policy, the conclusion is clear that sensitive habitats are declining and that, generally, the ongoing degradation have by no means been curbed.

Instead of the environmental analysis of associations that this failure by too little government involvement, we believe that this policy only creates more bureaucracy economically costly and having a repressive power that oppresses a little more the world of work, particularly in the agricultural profession. Indeed, in addition to an economic environment that tends to intensify production by continuous degradation of agricultural income workers-Artists of the earth have a large surplus labor to fulfill the obligations of this green bureaucracy. So not only the economic trend that pushes workers-makers to have anti-environmental practices is not addressed, but again, this bureaucratic constraint promotes the reactionary behavior of workers-Artists of the land and forest vis- towards environmental issues.

Rather than the development of a bureaucracy and the establishment of repression, we believe that we must fight for improved labor income that allow the establishment of more environmental practices. Similarly, we want to promote the socialization of production, in raising socially-workers Artists, makes possible the exchange of analysis and practice, opening up new collective perspectives and the emergence of a stronger awareness ecologist.

Authoritarian decay

We refer to this concept all the political and intellectual currents that claim that the resolution of social and environmental issues through the decline in economic activity.
If we share the founder of Georgescu-Roegen analysis saying that the global economy has a level of use than their regeneration rate natural resources, we believe that the decline is a flawed concept because it does not exclude models authoritarian society nor to explain the establishment and development of social structures and socially useful economic activities. The concept of decay says nothing of the political organization involved. Thus, some environmentalists can they call their vows a kind of "dictatorship" environmentalist supposed to command the respect of the environment. More broadly, the concept of decay could be claimed by people carrying a racist, fascist or theocratic vision of society. Currently, the internal contradictions of capitalism and the apparent lack of credible revolutionary perspective oscillate most speech and environmental movements between two poles as utopian as the other one: "sustainable development" (clear, sustainable growth ) and decay of capitalism without exit. Finally, if the capitalist system seeks to grow to grow, there is no more relevant to oppose an "alternative" that would be to decrease to decrease.

The challenge is rather to reduce the overall production level below the renewal of natural resources, while ensuring equal access to goods and services produced. So the fundamental question we hope to overcome the ecological crisis is who decides what is produced and how to produce. The necessary reduction in the level of production therefore requires humanity to the challenge of direct democracy because only the people, not private actors in competition with each other, have a real interest to overcome the ecological crisis. But it also involves the challenge of equality because the only way to reduce the level of production without harming anyone suppose to cover the needs equally.
Thus, rather than decrease, we demand the socialization of production and decision-making power in society to finally rationalize the economy and meet the needs according to available resources.

In the nebula of decay, we recognize that there is genuine progressive and fighting, including the fight against the advertising harassment, in which we find ourselves. If there is a libertarian component of this current, there is also a strong state trend, which PPLD (Party For The decay), the newspaper handed The Decay 3 , fascists "identiverts" ... If one sees the ultra-right currents claiming the decrease is that the promotion of localism at all costs is somewhat ambiguous.

The population control

Address the issue of limited resources and environmental pollution problems due to human activities, some so-called "neo-Malthusian" current advocate birth control to stop the growth of the world population, or reduce its size. These theories are called in reference to Malthus, an economist from the early 19th century. According to him, the population growth is much faster than resources, it should impose a strict birth control "moral virtues" and late marriage, and stop all aid to the poor in order to increase their mortality.

We can only be in firm opposition to that part of the population has dominion seeking to control the rate of reproduction of another part of the population. All current and past policies of birth control applications clearly show unequal practices, authoritarian or dictatorial. They were able to face large campaigns encouraging contraceptive conducted by the rich countries in the so-called developing countries, compulsory taking contraceptives, fines of birth, but also forced sterilizations and abortions forced.
The underlying ideological reasons were more or less openly racist, ethnic, theocratic, fascist, or eugenics. Environmental considerations have served as fronts for identity and racist fears of order, with a fear of the "invasion" of foreign and designated as having higher birthrate populations, whether by migration, by wars or by grabbing available resources. Under the guise of limited resources, some governments have implemented ethnic, religious or social control policies to reduce population growth targeted minorities or to limit the political explosion hazards related to poverty. The eugenic ideology characterized by the fear of a deterioration in the "quality of people" took the form of mass forced "poor" and "offender-es" gay-s-the sterilization of disabled, or with psychiatric disorders.

As for the concept of wanting to reduce the population to reduce resource consumption and pollution, it fails to take into account many factors. Indeed, the use of available resources and pollution levels do not depend on the size of the population, but also patterns of consumption, production, processing, transport, agro-industrial pressures .. . The age structure of the population, his way of occupying space, the territorial distribution of resources are examples of other elements included in. So not only a decrease in population would not result in a systematic way a decrease in the use of resources, but more is no scientific study has ever shown that human population is too large given the planet's resources.

Malthusian policies fall within the patriarchal domination system targeting mainly women. These are reduced to the function of procreation, dictated by political campaigns, prohibited by coercive measures, or removed by physical attacks do not even theirs.
For us, environmental issues can not possibly be solved by imposing authoritarian any birth control. In addition, population control is not in itself a solution to environmental problems. Conversely, we believe that the direct support by the people of Economic and Social Affairs to organize the egalitarian distribution of wealth produced taking into account the resources available to answer closest to the needs of all. We know that across the population, the birth rate is influenced by the level of life and social organization. Out with religious discourse, patriotic and natalist, we demand a free access to contraception for the emancipation of having a child or not choice, the desired moment. Under these conditions, we believe that the desire to overcome the ecological crisis is not an obstacle to the individual to have several choices, or no children at all.

Promotion and mass acts of alternatives

If there is no political organizations that focus exclusively this policy option, she finds herself in a relatively diffuse especially in the libertarian community. Indeed, a large number of comrades think that the development of alternative projects according to libertarian principles will create a revolutionary rupture.
For us, the promotion and development of alternative self-management / environmental / ... deed, if necessary, can not alone be a central strategy for libertarian communists because:
these alternatives acts require a huge investment for a limited social impact;
they are in a political context that is their very unfavorable, resulting in a good chance of partial or total failure with recovery, prioritization, etc.. ;
they intersect is the activists who are involved in the social reality of exploited es-es apolitical;
and above all they are not a direct confrontation with the rule of capital and the state that adapt quite well to this form of political protest not so much. The dominant-es can also exploit these experiments to "prove" that it is possible to live so plural even radical in the capitalist system.

Although alternatives acts are rich, interesting, and sometimes copies and relay, we can not rely solely on these experiments to go to a social and libertarian revolution.

The antispecism 4

While most members of the current policy does not limit their actions to environmental problems, they often claim that they can solve their positions difficulties pointed above. For us, antispecism as a political project for the abolition of all forms of exploitation of animals, does not allow the resolution of environmental problems. More broadly, the current policy is not compatible with anarchism we defend.
Industrial livestock, mainly poultry and pigs is largely negative: high emissions of greenhouse gases, nitrogen, and high consumption of antibiotics. The abandonment of these sectors and modes of consumption are related is essential for solving environmental problems. However, the use of animals for us unsurpassable, especially in a context of scarcity of fossil resources. Indeed, farming improves soil fertility, condition for obtaining cereal and vegetable yields for measuring dietary needs. It also allows rapid recycling of food by-products such as bran (residues decortication cereals). It ensures the production of textile products with wool and leather ... The abandonment of farming and its functions would be greater use of petroleum products (chemical fertilizers and synthetic fibers) is a very significant reduction in the volume of food production (falling crop yields due to lack of fertilization and crop substitution food crops by textile fibers).

The abandonment of the use of animals deprive us of an important aid work for tillage, handling heavy objects ... that can not be compensated by an increase in oil consumption. Indeed, how skidded a tree in the forest without using a tractor?

For antispécistes, stop the use of animals is the establishment of equal rights between human and non-human. For us, equality corresponds to the establishment of a social organization where the decision-making power and access to resources are equivalent to all. This equality goes beyond equal treatment and requires to society, that is to say, to share a story and a collective work that the intergenerational transmission ensures the autonomy of individuals in society, which is not the case between humans and non-humans. The antispecism treats inequalities exclusively via discrimination, denying in fact the development of social structures leading to structural inequality between individuals of the same company.

Defining freedom and equality exclusively by the connections between individuals and not within a collective social structure, antispecism is for us essentially liberal. It is thus incompatible with anarchism we stand for, which aims to establish a political and economic equal society where freedom is the same for everyone since it can not really exist in unequal social relations. Far from being anecdotal, the definition of freedom and equality outside the definition of a corporation, is the ideological base which part of the partisan es antispecism assimilate factory farming to Holocaust breach to the trivialization of genocide denial, and the intrusion of this fascist movement.

Strategic axes on environmental issues for the cga

Activists of the CGA we say that environmental issues as social issues can not be resolved in the capitalist economy and under the yoke of the state. As the social question, we can act now by increasing the ratio of force to impose progressive conquests to taking es of power. To truly solve environmental problems, we want the socialization of the means of production and the federal organization, in terms of social and environmental reorganization of the economy.

Social and libertarian revolution is our only option to stop environmental degradation. It is possible for us today to push for intensification of struggle against the nuclear industry against new oil extraction (gas and shale oil), imposing restrictions on intensive agriculture, stop the implementation large unnecessary and anti-social sites ...
It is important for us activists anarchists to address these struggles as well as revolutionary action alone can solve all the environmental and social problems, it is urgent to put a brake to degradations in progress if we not want a field of ruins in the medium term.

In this it seems necessary for anarchists to take environmental issues and to engage with others in the "environmentalists" struggles when it can develop a relationship of effective power while keeping the specific discourse.

We will develop this strategic positions and axes of the CGA overlooked a number of environmental issues.

Struggles against nuclear

Anti-nuclear struggles are still part of one of the cornerstones of the fight "environmentalist."
On this subject the CGA says it should phase out nuclear power immediately by the construction of a power struggle for the abolition of popular excessively dangerous and polluting industry and serves as a screen for military weapons.
We claim:
the dismantling of all nuclear weapons;
the shutdown immediate operation of all power plants and nuclear research;
remediation of former nuclear sites.

The oil industry

Main cause of the greenhouse effect and responsible for many environmental disasters (BP in the Gulf of Mexico), the oil industry is at the heart of the capitalist economic system. It makes sense for us to develop struggles that limit the development of this industry, or even reduce it.
Today capitalist multinational companies have large legal facilities to be exempt from liability when major ecological disasters (Erika, BP ...). Also the development of struggles for oil pay their full damage should limit the reproduction of these disasters, constituting a relevant issue facing the capitalists. We support the struggles that result in environmental damage, claim that the polluter pays.
In addition, we demand today:
Stop all new hydrocarbon prospecting;
free public transport, multiplication, and their accessibility to the greatest number;
reorganization of modes.

In the longer term, to reduce our needs in terms of energy expenditure, it seems necessary to consider a redesign of the territory. It should no longer be suitable only for mass consumption in malls and delivery of employee-es in their workplaces.
The land must be designed to reduce the distances traveled by people to access their decision-making bodies, labor, supplies of food, water, etc.. We need a general move towards the development of short and towards a decentralized energy system based on the least possible adverse renewable energy for the environment at a given location.

Biodiversity

At the global scale, ecosystem diversity and complexity are largely in decline. In case there are two major factors, significant releases of toxic substances from industry and household consumption and increased chemical inputs in agriculture.
In terms of toxic releases, we believe that we have to stop the use of polluting synthetic molecules, or their strict minimum containment and stopping the use of GMOs.
In terms of agriculture, we believe that the universal biological culture, that is to say, without synthetic chemical inputs, is real progress on our health and the preservation of "the environment." But disconnected from social demands, we find this claim against-productive. Because in the state of the capitalist economy, impose organic farming would drive up food prices well above inflation so impoverished workers, Artists, as supply decreases with application notes, yields " organic "being on average 30% less than the conventional. We believe that we must couple the claim of organic farming to claims on food prices with, for example, their cap and indexing or less inflation-third lower wages or RSA, or any other index representing the evolution of the wealth of the working classes. Without being dogmatic, this is to find a compelling and progressive claim conveniently.

Setting organically grown, although representing a majority progress "green" does not guarantee certain agricultural damage caused by structural problems. For example, the development of major production areas with a very low level of integration between livestock and crops, among other causes a very high proportion of nitrates in the water, making it unfit for consumption. Only the collective management of land, a holistic approach to agriculture in its environment, can avoid these problems by taking into account all the advantages and disadvantages of production.
To fight today against the loss of ecosystems and agricultural and industrial pollution, we demand:
stopping the use of all molecules diagnosed as dangerous and capacity certification systems;
stopping the use of GMOs;
universalization of organic farming and food price cap;
the increase in purchase prices of agricultural products and the improvement of working conditions of agricultural workers-es.

More generally, activists of the CGA, we believe that environmental struggles must bind to the social struggles that they both aim to reduce the negative impact of Capital and the State in our lives. This link is particularly important as some environmentalists alone struggles are easily manipulated and / or recoverable by bourgeois statist parties.
Obviously, the fascist movement is illustrated also in the recovery of some environmental struggles, the movement broadly as regards the defense of animal rights and more specifically the current identity clinging to a vision of "human land" traditions and excluding everything that is foreign (human or non-European cultures).

These claims, although limited, are our actual social progress on the field of environmental issues. Furthermore immediate progress, we believe that making immediate protest axes is essential for the construction of a report popular force that opposes the capitalist forces and is the embryo of the social revolution and libertarian environmentalist tomorrow.

Coordination of Anarchist Groups

in January 2014

1 Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Climate Change, commissioned by the UN on climate issues.

2 We believe among others WWF, LPO, Greenpeac e, etc..

3 The editors Managers would dispute this appellation, but for us this newspaper has many items to define "good" behavior of a descending-e-e, true green catechesis. Among the many politically questionable items, we use the December 2012 open debate on the Marriage for everyone who had on this topic only briefly describing a variety of made in the USA, speaking a couple of lesbians who allowed their trans girl taking a treatment to delay puberty, and purporting to be chemically castrated a boy of ten years. Rivarol would not have done better ...

4 For a more detailed development of the cleavage between anarchism and our antispecism, refer to texts on antispecism available on the website of the CGA in the theme of "ecology".
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